__________ flows downward from superior to subordinates.

Authority

The correct answer is option (4)- Authority.

Authority flows downward from superior to subordinates.

Authority refers to the right of an individual to command his subordinates and to take action within the scope of his position. The concept of authority arises from the established scalar chain which links the various job positions and levels of an organisation. Authority also refers to the right to take decisions inherent in a managerial position to tell people what to do and expect them to do it.

OTHER OPTIONS

* Tenure refers to the length or duration of time a person holds a particular position, job, or property. It is commonly used in various contexts, including employment, real estate, and academic appointments.

* Responsibility is the obligation of a subordinate to properly perform the assigned duty. It arises from a superior– subordinate relationship because the subordinate is bound to perform the duty assigned to him by his superior. Thus, responsibility flows upwards, i.e., a subordinate will always be responsible to his superior.

* Accountability implies being answerable for the final outcome. Once authority has been delegated and responsibility accepted, one cannot deny accountability. It cannot be delegated and flows upwards, i.e., a subordinate will be accountable to a superior for satisfactory performance of work. It indicates that the manager has to ensure the proper discharge of duties by his subordinates. It is generally enforced through regular feedback on the extent of work accomplished.