The Buddha perceived the social world as a construct shaped by humans rather than originating from divine sources. Consequently, he provided guidance to both kings and gahapatis to foster compassion and ethical conduct. The transformation of social relationships was envisioned as an outcome of individual endeavors.

Central to the Buddha's teachings was the emphasis on individual volition and virtuous deeds as the means to break free from the cycle of rebirth. This liberation aimed at achieving self-realization and nibbana, a state symbolizing the cessation of ego and desire. By attaining this state, individuals could effectively terminate the cycle of suffering, especially those who chose a life of renunciation.

Whom did the Buddha advise to be humane and ethical in their actions?

Kings and gahapatis

The Buddha perceived the social world as a construct shaped by humans rather than originating from divine sources. Consequently, he provided guidance to both kings and gahapatis to foster compassion and ethical conduct. The transformation of social relationships was envisioned as an outcome of individual endeavors.