Read the passage and answer the questions that follow.

Article 338 of the Constitution of India provides for establishing a special officer for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to investigate all matters relating to the safeguards provided for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Constitution and report to the President. The two commissions, the National Commission for Schedules Castes and the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes were instituted in fulfillment of Article 338 of the Constitution to protect their human rights and prevent their exploitation, and to encourage and defend their social, educational, economic and cultural securities as provided in the constitution and other legislations. For example, State provided reservation or affirmative action programs for government jobs to backward classes like Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes who because of historical and continued disadvantages based on caste status and otherwise have not been adequately represented in the services under the State. Examples of special laws include the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 and the scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989.

Why has the protection of the human rights of the scheduled castes and Schedules Tribes been constitutionally guaranteed?

Because they have not been able to be adequately represented in the services under the state.

The protection of the human rights of the scheduled castes and Schedules Tribes been constitutionally guaranteed because they have been subjected to discrimination historically and they have not been able to be adequately represented in the services under the state.