Tuckman proposed a framework consisting of five sequential stages of group development:
- Forming: When group members initially meet, there is a considerable amount of uncertainty regarding the group's purpose and how it will be achieved. People try to get to know each other and assess their fit within the group. Excitement and apprehension are common emotions during this stage.
- Storming: Following the forming stage, intragroup conflict often arises during the storming stage. Members experience conflicts regarding the group's target attainment, leadership control, resource allocation, and task assignments. Eventually, a leadership hierarchy emerges, and a clear vision for achieving the group's goals is established.
- Norming: After the storming stage, the group enters the norming stage. During this phase, group members develop shared norms and expectations regarding behavior within the group. This fosters the development of a positive group identity.
- Performing: The fourth stage is known as performing. At this point, the group's structure has evolved and is accepted by its members. The group progresses toward achieving its goals, and members actively contribute to the group's efforts. For some groups, this stage marks the final phase of their development.
- Adjourning (optional): However, certain groups, such as organizing committees or school functions, may undergo an additional stage called adjourning. In this stage, once the specific function or event is completed, the group disbands.
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