What is a biotechnological process accomplished by yeast, some type of bacteria, or some other microorganism to convert sugar into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide?

Alcoholic fermentation

The correct answer is Option (3) – Alcoholic fermentation

1. Pasteurization:
• Definition: Pasteurization is a process that involves heating a liquid, especially milk or other beverages, to a specific temperature for a set period, followed by rapid cooling. This helps to kill or inactivate harmful microorganisms without significantly altering the taste or nutritional content of the liquid.
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation:
• Definition: Lactic acid fermentation is a metabolic process in which glucose and other sugars are converted into lactic acid by certain bacteria and fungi. This process occurs in the absence of oxygen and is commonly used in the production of foods such as yogurt, sauerkraut, and kimchi.
3. Alcoholic Fermentation:
• Definition: Alcoholic fermentation is a biological process where sugars, primarily glucose, are converted into ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide by yeast or some bacteria. This process is utilized in the production of alcoholic beverages like beer and wine, as well as in the baking industry for leavening bread.
4. Glycolysis:
• Definition: Glycolysis is a central metabolic pathway that involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate. It is the initial phase of cellular respiration and occurs in the cytoplasm of cells. Glycolysis is an anaerobic process, meaning it does not require oxygen.

In summary, these processes are essential in various biotechnological applications, contributing to the production of a wide range of products.