Which of the following factor(s) have resulted in moderate to high concentration of population in Peninsular States in areas which were previously very thinly populated?

Development of transport network

The correct answer is Option 3: Development of transport network

NCERT: "..an uneven spatial distribution of population in India suggests a close relationship between population and physical, socio economic and historical factors. As far as the physical factors are concerned, it is clear that climate along with terrain and availability of water largely determines the pattern of the population distribution. Consequently, we observe that the North Indian Plains, deltas and Coastal Plains have higher proportion of population than the interior districts of southern and central Indian States, Himalayas, some of the north eastern and the western states. However, development of irrigation (Rajasthan), availability of mineral and energy resources (Jharkhand) and development of transport network (Peninsular States) have resulted in moderate to high concentration of population in areas which were previously very thinly populated."