Which of the following is a correct cause and effect pair?

The correct answer is Option (2) → China’s industrial sector kept a high growth rate → GDP per capita rose faster in China than in India and Pakistan

China’s industrial sector kept a high growth rate, unlike India and Pakistan. This led to a rapid rise in GDP per capita in China.

Option (1) One-child norm in China → a rise in China’s sex ratio — Incorrect. The one-child norm led to a decline in the sex ratio.

Option (2) China’s industrial sector kept a high growth rate → GDP per capita rose faster in China than in India and Pakistan — Correct. This is the link NCERT draws.

Option (3) Pakistan’s agricultural growth depended on good harvests → a steady rise in its economic indicators — Incorrect. Growth that rests on harvests is unsteady: in bad years the indicators showed stagnation or fell.

Option (4) Land reforms, collectivisation and the Great Leap Forward → per capita grain output in 1978 far above the mid-1950s level — Incorrect. Despite these steps, grain output per head in 1978 was the same as in the mid-1950s.