Match the LIST-I with LIST-II
| LIST-I | LIST-II | ||
| A. | Land Reforms | I. | Portion of agricultural produce sold in the market. |
| B. | Land Ceiling | II. | Replacing imports with domestic production |
| C. | Marketed surplus | III. | Change in ownership of land holdings |
| D. | Import Substitution | IV. | Fixing maximum size of land an individual could hold |
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 2
The correct answer is Option (2) → A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
From 1950 to 1990 India’s planners tried both to change who owned the land and to build industry at home. Three of the terms come from farm policy and the fourth from trade policy, and each is matched by what it actually does.
A. Land Reforms — this matches (III) Change in ownership of land holdings. Land reforms primarily refer to a change in the ownership of landholdings. Soon after independence, intermediaries such as zamindars were abolished so that the tillers became the owners of the land and had a reason to improve it.
B. Land Ceiling — this matches (IV) Fixing maximum size of land an individual could hold. A land ceiling fixes the maximum size of land that can be owned by one person. Its purpose was to reduce the concentration of land ownership in a few hands and so promote equity in agriculture.
C. Marketed surplus — this matches (I) Portion of agricultural produce sold in the market. The marketed surplus is the part of their produce that farmers sell in the market, rather than keep for their own use. During the green revolution a good part of the extra rice and wheat came to the market, and food grain prices fell relative to other goods.
D. Import Substitution — this matches (II) Replacing imports with domestic production. Import substitution, the inward-looking trade strategy of the first seven plans, aimed at replacing imports with domestic production, for example making vehicles in India instead of importing them. Domestic industry was protected from foreign competition by tariffs and quotas.
NCERT (2025-26): “…Equity in agriculture called for land reforms which primarily refer to change in the ownership of landholdings. Just a year after independence, steps were taken to abolish intermediaries and to make the tillers the owners of land.… Land ceiling was another policy to promote equity in the agricultural sector. This means fixing the maximum size of land which could be owned by an individual. The purpose of land ceiling was to reduce the concentration of land ownership in a few hands.… …The portion of agricultural produce which is sold in the market by the farmers is called marketed surplus.… …Technically, this strategy is called import substitution. This policy aimed at replacing or substituting imports with domestic production.…” |