Match List - I with List - II
| List - I (Approaches of Human Environment Relationship) | List - II (View held) | ||
| (A) | Minimalist Perspective | (I) | Environment exists for use by human beings |
| (B) | Instrumental Perspective | (II) | Environment is to be respected and valued |
| (C) | Spiritual Perspective | (III) | There is a relationship between living beings and their environment |
| (D) | Ecology | (IV) | Physical environment has minimal or negligible influence on human behaviour |
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 3
The correct answer is Option (3) → (A) - (IV), (B) - (I), (C) - (II), (D) - (III)
(A) Minimalist Perspective — this matches (IV) Physical environment has minimal or negligible influence on human behaviour. This perspective assumes that the physical environment has minimal or negligible influence on human behaviour, health and well-being; the environment and human beings exist as parallel components.
(B) Instrumental Perspective — this matches (I) Environment exists for use by human beings. It suggests that the physical environment exists mainly for use by human beings for their comfort and well-being; most human influences on the environment reflect this view.
(C) Spiritual Perspective — this matches (II) Environment is to be respected and valued. It views the environment as something to be respected and valued rather than exploited, because human beings and the environment depend on each other; the Bishnoi community and the Chipko movement are examples.
(D) Ecology — this matches (III) There is a relationship between living beings and their environment. Ecology is the study of the relationships between living beings and their environment.
Note: Stokols’ three views of the human-environment relationship, and the meaning of ecology, were there in the chapter ‘Psychology and Life’ of the pre-rationalised NCERT, which NTA followed in 2022, and are not there in the NCERT book (2025-26).
NCERT (Pre-rationalised): “Human-Environment Relationship … ‘Ecology’ is the study of the relationships between living beings and their environment.…” “Different Views of the Human-Environment Relationship … A psychologist named Stokols (1990) describes three approaches that may be adopted to describe the human-environment relationship. (a) The minimalist perspective assumes that the physical environment has minimal or negligible influence on human behaviour, health and well-being. The physical environment and human beings exist as parallel components. (b) The instrumental perspective suggests that the physical environment exists mainly for use by human beings for their comfort and well-being. … (c) The spiritual perspective refers to the view of the environment as something to be respected and valued rather than exploited.…” |