Fluctuations in population density of a population in a given habitat during a given period are primarily influenced by changes in:

All of these

The correct answer is Option is (4)- All of these

Population density is a measure of the number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume in a particular habitat. It is not a static parameter and can vary over time. The fluctuations in population density are primarily caused by changes in natality (birth rate) and mortality (death rate) within the population. When the birth rate exceeds the death rate, the population density increases, and vice versa.

Additionally, population density can also be influenced by immigration, which is the movement of individuals into the population from other areas, and emigration, which is the movement of individuals out of the population to other areas. Immigration can contribute to an increase in population density, while emigration can lead to a decrease in population density.

Therefore, all of these factors, including natality, mortality, immigration, and emigration, play a role in determining the fluctuations in population density of a population in a given habitat during a given period.