Arrange the different kinds of social change in chronological order, starting from the oldest to the most recent:

A. Modernisation

B. Secularisation

C. Westernisation

D. Sanskritisation

D, C, A, B

The correct answer is Option (3) → D, C, A, B

• D. Sanskritisation: This refers to the process of imitating the customs and practices of upper castes by lower castes for social mobility. This concept originated in ancient India.
• C. Westernisation: This refers to the adoption of Western cultural values, institutions, and practices. It intensified during the colonial era (from the 18th century onwards) as European powers influenced their colonies.
• A. Modernisation: This is a broad term encompassing social and economic changes associated with industrialization, urbanization, and technological advancements. It gained momentum globally in the 18th and 19th centuries.
• B. Secularisation: This refers to the decline of the influence of religion in social and political life. It became a significant trend in Europe during the Enlightenment period (17th-18th centuries) and gradually spread to other parts of the world.