Match List-I with List-II
| List-I | List-II |
|---|---|
| Terms | Examples/Explanations |
| (A) Homology | (I) Forelimbs of mammals |
| (B) Analogy | (II) Wings of birds and butterfly |
| (C) Convergent evolution | (III) Common habitat and function |
| (D) Divergent evolution | (IV) Common ancestry of structure |
Choose the correct answer from the options given below.
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 2
The correct answer is Option (2) → (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
(A) Homology — this matches (IV) Common ancestry of structure. Homologous organs share the same basic structure because they come from a common ancestor.
(B) Analogy — this matches (III) Common habitat and function. Analogous organs look alike because a similar habitat selected similar features for the same function, not because of common descent.
(C) Convergent evolution — this matches (II) Wings of birds and butterfly. Different structures evolved for the same job of flying; they are analogous.
(D) Divergent evolution — this matches (I) Forelimbs of mammals. The same bones (humerus to phalanges) in whales, bats, cheetahs and humans changed for different needs.
NCERT Extract:
What Are the Evidences for Evolution? – “… Hence, in these animals, the same structure developed along different directions due to adaptations to different needs. This is divergent evolution and these structures are homologous. Homology indicates common ancestry. Other examples are vertebrate hearts or brains. In plants also, the thorn and tendrils of Bougainvillea and Cucurbita represent homology (Figure 6.3a). Homology is based on divergent evolution whereas analogy refers to a situation exactly opposite. Wings of butterfly and of birds look alike. They are not anatomically similar structures though they perform similar functions. Hence, analogous structures are a result of convergent evolution - different structures evolving for the same function and hence having similarity. Other examples of analogy are the eye of the octopus and of mammals or the flippers of Penguins and Dolphins. One can say that it is the similar habitat that has resulted in selection of similar adaptive features in different groups of organisms but toward the same function.”