Read the passage given below and answer the following question.
Historically, states have tried to establish and enhance their political legitimacy through nation-building strategies. They sought to secure … the loyalty and obedience of their citizens through policies of assimilation or integration. Attaining these objectives was not easy, especially in a context of cultural diversity where citizens, in addition to their identifications with their country, might also feel a strong sense of identity with their community – ethnic, religious, linguistic and so on. Most states feared that the recognition of such difference would lead to social fragmentation and prevent the creation of a harmonious society. In short, such identity politics was considered a threat to state unity. In addition, accommodating these differences is politically challenging, so many states have resorted to either suppressing these diverse identities or ignoring them on the political domain. Policies of assimilation – often involving outright suppression of the identities of ethnic, religious or linguistic groups – try to erode the cultural differences between groups. Policies of integration seek to assert a single national identity by attempting to eliminate ethno-national and cultural differences from the public and political arena, while allowing them in the private domain. Both sets of policies assume a singular national identity.

Choose the correct option.
Assimilationist and integrationist strategies try to establish singular national identities through various interventions like:
1. Centralising all power to forums where the dominant group constitutes a majority, and eliminating the autonomy of local or minority groups.
2. Imposing a unified legal and judicial system based on the dominant group’s traditions and abolishing alternative systems used by other groups.

Both 1 and 2

Option 1 specifically targets political influence, and option 2 focuses on cultural influence. Both strategies, when combined, significantly contribute to the establishment of a singular national identity by limiting the expression of other identities in the public and political spheres.

Therefore, both options 1 and 2 correctly represent interventions used by assimilationist and integrationist strategies to pursue their goal of singular national identity.

• Centralizing power: By concentrating power in forums dominated by the majority group and removing autonomy from local or minority groups, assimilationalist and integrationist strategies effectively diminish the visibility and influence of diverse identities within the political sphere. This reinforces the dominance of the national identity.
• Imposing a unified legal system: Replacing diverse legal and judicial systems with one based on the dominant group's traditions weakens the influence of other cultural norms and practices. This promotes conformity and undermines the recognition of distinct cultural identities.