The upward and downward growth of shoots and roots, respectively, in response to the pull of gravity is called ______.

geotropism

The correct answer is Option (2) -geotropism

The upward and downward growth of shoots and roots, respectively, in response to the pull of gravity is called geotropism. Geotropism, also known as gravitropism, is a plant's growth response to gravity. Shoots exhibit negative geotropism, growing against the force of gravity, while roots exhibit positive geotropism, growing in the direction of gravity. This phenomenon helps plants orient themselves properly in the soil and optimize their growth in relation to gravity.