Which of the following statements is true?

The correct answer is Option (1) → Homologous structures are examples of divergent evolution

Option (1) Homologous structures are examples of divergent evolution — Correct. Homologous structures have the same basic structure but different functions. They arise when one ancestral structure changes in different directions to suit different needs, which is divergent evolution.

Option (2) Homologous structures are examples of convergent evolution — Incorrect. Convergent evolution gives analogous structures, such as the wings of a butterfly and of a bird. Homologous structures come from divergent evolution.

Option (3) Analogous structures are examples of divergent evolution — Incorrect. Analogous structures are not from divergent evolution. Different structures coming to do the same job is convergent evolution.

Option (4) Analogous structures are examples of adaptive radiations — Incorrect. Adaptive radiation, as in Darwin’s finches and Australian marsupials, is evolution of different forms from one ancestor, a kind of divergence, and so gives homologous structures. Analogous structures come from convergent evolution.

NCERT Extract:
What Are the Evidences for Evolution? – “… Though these forelimbs perform different functions in these animals, they have similar anatomical structure – all of them have humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges in their forelimbs. Hence, in these animals, the same structure developed along different directions due to adaptations to different needs. This is divergent evolution and these structures are homologous.”