Identify the components associated with the second line of defense.

(I) Skin (II) Phagocytes

(III) B-cells (IV) Neutrophils

(V) Antibodies (VI) T-cells

(VII) Macrophages (VIII) NK-cells

II, IV, VII, and VIII

The correct answer is Option (1) - II, IV, VII, and VIII

The second line of defense refers to the non-specific immune responses that act as a general defense mechanism against various pathogens. The factors involved in the second line of defense, as mentioned in the given words, are:

1. Phagocytes: These are specialized cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils, that engulf and destroy pathogens through a process called phagocytosis.
2. Neutrophils: Neutrophils are a type of white blood cells that are highly effective at destroying bacteria and other pathogens through phagocytosis.
3. Macrophages: Macrophages are large phagocytic cells that engulf and destroy pathogens. They also play a role in presenting antigens to other immune cells, initiating an immune response.
4. NK-cells: NK-cells, or natural killer cells, are a type of lymphocyte that can recognize and kill virus-infected cells and tumor cells.

In summary, the factors involved in the second line of defense include phagocytes (such as macrophages and neutrophils), macrophages, and NK-cells. These components work together to provide a non-specific immune response against pathogens.