Jan Breman described the change in the nature of the relationship between landlords and agricultural workers as :
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 3
The correct answer is Option (3) → a shift from ‘patronage to exploitation’
Option (3) a shift from ‘patronage to exploitation’ — Correct. After Independence, especially in the Green Revolution areas, payment shifted from grain to cash and the traditional bonds between landowners and agricultural workers loosened. The landlord, usually of a dominant caste, stopped acting as a patron of the low-caste worker and dealt with him only as hired labour, which Jan Breman described as a shift from ‘patronage to exploitation’.
NCERT (2025-26): “4.4 Transformations in Rural Society after Independence … The change in the nature of the relationship between landlords (who usually belonged to the dominant castes) and agricultural workers (usually low caste), was described by the sociologist Jan Breman as a shift from ‘patronage to exploitation’ (Breman, 1974). Such changes took place in many areas where agriculture was becoming more commercialised, that is, where crops were being grown primarily for sale in the market.…” “4.5 Circulation of Labour … Migrant workers come mainly from drought-prone and less productive regions, and they go to work for part of the year on farms in Punjab and Haryana, or on brick kilns in U.P., or construction sites in cities such as New Delhi or Bangalore. These migrant workers have been termed ‘footloose labour’ by Jan Breman, but this does not imply freedom.…” |