Which group elements are called transition metals?

Group number 3 to 12

The correct answer is option 3. Group number 3 to 12.

The periodic table is organized into rows called periods and columns called groups. Transition metals are a group of elements found in the d-block of the periodic table, which encompasses Groups 3 to 12. These elements are characterized by their partially filled d orbitals, which give them unique properties compared to other elements. Here are some key characteristics of transition metals:

1. Variable oxidation states: Transition metals can exhibit multiple oxidation states due to the presence of partially filled d orbitals, which allows them to easily lose or gain electrons.

2. Formation of colored compounds: Transition metal compounds often have vibrant colors due to the transition of electrons between different d orbitals.

3. Complex formation: Transition metals have a tendency to form coordination complexes with ligands, which are molecules or ions that donate electrons to the metal ion.

4. High melting and boiling points: Transition metals generally have high melting and boiling points compared to other metals, making them suitable for high-temperature applications.

5. Paramagnetism and ferromagnetism: Many transition metals exhibit paramagnetic or ferromagnetic properties, meaning they are attracted to magnetic fields or can be magnetized.

Examples of transition metals include iron (Fe), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), nickel (Ni), and chromium (Cr), among others. These elements play crucial roles in various industrial, technological, and biological processes due to their unique properties and reactivity.