Match List - I with List - II.
| List - I | List - II | ||
| (A) | Factor Analysis | (I) | Gordon Allport |
| (B) | Cardinal - Traits | (II) | Paul Costa and Robert McCrae |
| (C) | Inferiority complex | (III) | Raymond Cattell |
| (D) | Conscientiousness | (IV) | Alfred Adler |
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 1
The correct answer is Option (1) → (A) - (III), (B) - (I), (C) - (IV), (D) - (II)
(A) Factor Analysis — this matches (III) Raymond Cattell. Cattell applied the statistical technique called factor analysis to a huge array of descriptive adjectives and found 16 primary or source traits, the building blocks of personality, which his Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) measures.
(B) Cardinal - Traits — this matches (I) Gordon Allport. Allport categorised traits into cardinal, central and secondary. Cardinal traits are highly generalised dispositions, the goal around which a person’s whole life revolves, such as Mahatma Gandhi’s non-violence.
(C) Inferiority complex — this matches (IV) Alfred Adler. In Adler’s individual psychology, every individual suffers from feelings of inadequacy and guilt, i.e. inferiority complex, which arise from childhood; overcoming it is essential for optimal personality development.
(D) Conscientiousness — this matches (II) Paul Costa and Robert McCrae. It is one of their Big Five factors: people high on it are achievement-oriented, dependable, responsible, prudent, hardworking and self-controlled.
NCERT (2025-26): “Cattell: Personality Factors … Raymond Cattell believed that there is a common structure on which people differ from each other. This structure could be determined empirically. He tried to identify the primary traits from a huge array of descriptive adjectives found in language. He applied a statistical technique, called factor analysis, to discover the common structures. He found 16 primary or source traits. The source traits are stable, and are considered as the building blocks of personality.…” “Allport’s Trait Theory … Allport, based on this, categorised traits into cardinal, central, and secondary. Cardinal traits are highly generalised dispositions. They indicate the goal around which a person’s entire life seems to revolve. Mahatma Gandhi’s non-violence and Hitler’s Nazism are examples of cardinal traits.…” “Alfred Adler : Lifestyle and Social Interest … Adler’s theory is known as individual psychology. His basic assumption is that human behaviour is purposeful and goal-directed. Each one of us has the capacity to choose and create. Our personal goals are the sources of our motivation. The goals that provide us with security and help us in overcoming the feelings of inadequacy are important in our personality development. In Adler’s view, every individual suffers from the feelings of inadequacy and guilt, i.e. inferiority complex, which arise from childhood. Overcoming this complex is essential for optimal personality development.…” |