Which of the following statement (s) is/are true in respect of Jainism?

All of the above.

The fundamental philosophy of the Jains predates the birth of Vardhamana, renowned as Mahavira, in the sixth century BCE. Within the Jaina tradition, Mahavira is acknowledged as the 24th tirthankara, which translates to "those who guide men and women across the river of existence." This recognition indicates the existence of 23 preceding teachers who also played crucial roles in expounding the timeless wisdom of the Jain philosophy in ancient North India.

At the core of Jainism lies its most significant belief - the concept that the entire world is teeming with life; even inanimate objects like stones, rocks, and water possess life. Jain philosophy places utmost importance on non-violence (ahimsa) towards all living beings, be it humans, animals, plants, or insects. This principle of ahimsa has left a profound impact on the broader Indian thought.

Jaina teachings propose that the cycle of birth and rebirth is shaped by karma - the law of cause and effect. To liberate oneself from this cycle, one must engage in asceticism and penance. The path to liberation entails renouncing worldly attachments, and hence, monastic life becomes a crucial prerequisite for salvation. Jaina monks and nuns adhere to five vows: abstaining from killing, stealing, and lying; observing celibacy; and renouncing the possession of property. These vows guide them on their spiritual journey towards ultimate liberation from the cycle of karma and rebirth.