There are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Mark your answer as per the options given below.

Assertion: China introduced reforms in 1978 with the help of World Bank and International Monetary Fund. 
Reasoning: The new leadership at that time in China was not happy with the slow pace of growth and lack of modernisation in the Chinese economy under the Maoist rule.

Assertion (A) is not true but Reasoning (R) is correct.

The correct answer is option 4: Assertion (A) is not true but Reasoning (R) is correct.

• Assertion (A) is false: China introduced economic reforms in 1978 under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping, but these reforms were largely homegrown and not directly initiated or implemented with the help of the World Bank or the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

• Reasoning (R) is true: The new leadership in China was indeed dissatisfied with the slow pace of growth and lack of modernization under Maoist policies, which led them to initiate significant economic reforms aimed at modernizing the Chinese economy and encouraging growth through market-oriented reforms.

"Why did China introduce structural reforms in 1978? China did not have any compulsion to introduce reforms as dictated by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund to India and Pakistan. The new leadership at that time in China was not happy with the slow pace of growth and lack of modernisation in the Chinese economy under the Maoist rule. They felt that Maoist vision of economic development based on decentralisation, self sufficiency and shunning of foreign technology, goods and capital had failed. Despite extensive land reforms, collectivisation, the Great Leap Forward and other initiatives, the per capita grain output in 1978 was the same as it was in the mid-1950s."