Transition elements (d-block)
Read the following passage and answer the questions given:
The d-block occupies the large middle section of the periodic table flanked between s- and p-blocks in the modern periodic table. These elements have a general electronic configuration (n-1)d1-10 ns2 (except Pd). These elements possess a partially filled penultimate d-subshell in their ground state. Most of the transition element compounds are colored in solid or in solution state which arise due to excitation of electrons from lower energy d-orbitals to higher energy d-orbitals. The transition metal ions which have completely filled d-orbitals are colorless due to lack of excitation within d-orbitals. Most of the transition metals and their compounds exhibit paramagnetic behavior (attracted by a magnetic field) which is attributed to an incomplete d-subshell and the presence of unpaired electrons. An element or ion having no unpaired electron shows diamagnetic behavior (repelled by a magnetic field). The magnetic moment of transition elements arises due to spin and orbital motion in ions or molecules. The magnetic moment is determined by the number of unpaired electrons (n) and is calculated by using the spin-only formula μ= [n (n+2)]1/2 Bohr magneton (BM). The magnetic moment increases with the increasing number of unpaired electrons. Thus, the observed magnetic moment gives a useful indication about the number of unpaired electrons present in the transition metal or its ions. Transition elements exhibit certain important characteristic properties such as variable oxidation state, complex formation, colored ion formation, catalytic activity and metallic properties like high tensile strength, ductility, malleability etc. Transition metals are hard and have high melting points (with exceptions of Zn, Cd, Hg).
Which d-block metal pair does not exhibit variable oxidation state?
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 4
The correct answer is Option (4) → Sc and Zn
Transition elements show variable oxidation states because the energies of their (n−1)d and ns orbitals are very close. After the ns electrons are lost, one or more d electrons can also be removed, giving several stable oxidation states. An element shows only one oxidation state when losing any other number of electrons does not give a stable arrangement:
Sc (Z = 21, [Ar]3d14s2): loses all three outer electrons to reach the stable argon configuration, so it shows only +3.
Ti (Z = 22, [Ar]3d24s2): shows +2, +3 and +4.
V (Z = 23, [Ar]3d34s2): shows +2, +3, +4 and +5.
Zn (Z = 30, [Ar]3d104s2): loses only the two 4s electrons; the full 3d10 set is not used in bonding, so it shows only +2.
Option (1) Sc and Ti — Ti shows variable oxidation states. Titanium shows +2, +3 and +4 (only Sc is fixed at +3).
Option (2) V and Sc — V shows variable oxidation states. Vanadium shows every state from +2 to +5.
Option (3) Ti and V — Both show variable oxidation states. Ti shows +2 to +4 and V shows +2 to +5.
Option (4) Sc and Zn — Neither shows variable oxidation states. Sc shows only +3 and Zn only +2.
Note 1: It seems that there is a mistake in the original NTA paper. The passage gives the general electronic configuration of the d-block elements as (n−1)d1–10 ns2 (except Pd). The correct general configuration is (n−1)d1–10 ns1–2, because some elements have only one ns electron, such as Cr (3d54s1) and Cu (3d104s1), and Pd (4d105s0) has none.
NCERT (2026-27 edition):
Oxidation States

Note 2: The same/similar question has been asked in different years by NTA as per the details given below:
| 2026 | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 14-05 S2 11-05 S1 | – | – | – | – |