After the discussion of westernisation and the 19th century social mo…

The correct answer is Option (1) → They are linked and belong to one shared set of ideas

Option (1) They are linked and belong to one shared set of ideas — Correct. Modernisation and secularisation are looked into together because they are linked. Both are part of one set of modern ideas.

Option (2) They both refer to the imitation of external forms of culture — Incorrect. Imitating external forms of culture, such as dress, food and manners, describes westernisation. That process was discussed earlier in the chapter on its own.

Option (3) They both lead to positional rather than structural change — Incorrect. Positional change is how Srinivas described the result of sanskritisation. A caste may rise in rank, yet the caste structure itself stays the same.

Option (4) They both emerged from the anti-Brahminical movement — Incorrect. Anti-Brahminical movements challenged the dominance of Brahmins in the caste order. Modernisation and secularisation belong to a wider set of modern ideas about society.