Read the passage and answer the questions:
India’s stand on environmental issues
India signed and ratified the 1997 Kyoto Protocol in August 2002. India, China and other developing countries were exempt from the requirements of the Kyoto Protocol because their contribution to the emission of greenhouse gases during the industrialisation period (that is believed to be causing today’s global warming and climate change) was not significant. However, the critics of the Kyoto Protocol point out that sooner or later, both India and China, along with other developing countries, will be among the leading contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. At the G-8 meeting in June 2005, India pointed out that the per capita emission rates of the developing countries are a tiny fraction of those in the developed world. Following the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, India is of the view that the major responsibility of curbing emission rests with the developed countries, which have accumulated emissions over a long period of time.
India’s international negotiating position relies heavily on principles of historical responsibility, as enshrined in UNFCCC. This acknowledges that developed countries are responsible for most historical and current greenhouse gas emissions, and emphasizes that ‘economic and social development are the first and overriding priorities of the developing country parties’.
So India is wary of recent discussions within UNFCCC about introducing binding commitments on rapidly industrializing countries (such as Brazil, China and India) to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. India feels this contravenes the very spirit of UNFCCC. Neither does it seem fair to impose restrictions on India when the country’s rise in per capita carbon emissions by 2030 is likely to still represent less than half the world average of 3.8 tonnes in 2000. Indian emissions are predicted to rise from 0.9 tonnes per capita in 2000 to 1.6 tonnes per capita in 2030.
A review of the implementation of the agreements at the Earth Summit in Rio was undertaken by India in 1997. One of the key conclusions was that there had been no meaningful progress with respect to transfer of new and additional financial resources and environmentally-sound technology on concessional terms to developing nations. India finds it necessary that developed countries take immediate measures to provide developing countries with financial resources and clean technologies to enable them to meet their existing commitments under UNFCCC.
What was one of the key conclusions of a review of the implementation of the different agreements at the Earth Summit in Rio undertaken by India in 1997?
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 4
The correct answer is Option (4) → No meaningful progress with respect to transfer of new and additional financial resources and environmentally-sound technology on concessional terms to developing nations.
Option (1) No meaningful progress with respect to transfer of entire financial resources — Incorrect. The review spoke of new and additional financial resources and environmentally-sound technology, not of ‘entire’ financial resources.
Option (2) There has been a reasonable progress in transfer of new and additional financial resources to developing nations. — Incorrect. The review found no meaningful progress, not reasonable progress.
Option (3) There is complete progress in providing environmentally-sound technology on concessional terms to developing nations. — Incorrect. There was no meaningful progress in this either.
Option (4) No meaningful progress with respect to transfer of new and additional financial resources and environmentally-sound technology on concessional terms to developing nations. — Correct. This is the review’s key conclusion, word for word; India therefore wants the developed countries to provide financial resources and clean technologies at once.
NCERT (2025-26): “India’s Stand on Environmental Issues … A review of the implementation of the agreements at the Earth Summit in Rio was undertaken by India in 1997. One of the key conclusions was that there had been no meaningful progress with respect to transfer of new and additional financial resources and environmentally-sound technology on concessional terms to developing nations. India finds it necessary that developed countries take immediate measures to provide developing countries with financial resources and clean technologies to enable them to meet their existing commitments under UNFCCC.…” |