Which of the following are the most primitive non-vascular plants?

Bryophytes

The correct answer is Option (1) - Bryophytes

The most primitive non-vascular plants are Bryophytes. These include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes are characterized by their simple structure, lack of vascular tissues (like xylem and phloem), and dependence on water for reproduction. They represent an evolutionary step from algae to more complex plants with vascular tissues. Pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms are more advanced plant groups that possess vascular tissues and have different modes of reproduction.