In the post–1990s, on which of the following, did the new economic policies emphasised?

All of these

The correct answer is option 4- All of these.

The Indian economy is in a stage of transition. The Five Year Plans in the initial stages of development gave lot of importance to the public sector. In the post–1990s, the new economic policies, emphasised on liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation. The role of public sector was redefined. It was not supposed to play a passive role but to actively participate and compete in the market with other private sector companies in the same industry. They were also held accountable for losses and return on investment.

Liberalization:  Liberalisation involve reducing government intervention and regulations in the economy to promote free market principles. This may include deregulating industries, removing trade barriers etc.

Privatization: Privatization is the transfer of ownership and management of state-owned enterprises to private individuals or companies. Privatization initiatives aimed at improving efficiency, reducing government expenditure, and increasing competition in sectors such as telecommunications, transportation, and energy.

Globalization: Globalization involves integrating the domestic economy with the global economy through increased trade, investment, and capital flows.