Match List-I with List-II
| List-I (Concept) | List-II (Example) | ||
| (A) | Sanskritisation | (I) | Dalit groups adopting the use of fork and spoons. |
| (B) | Westernisation | (II) | Dalit groups adopting the practice of dowry. |
| (C) | Modernisation | (III) | Public advertisements for jobs stating qualification only. |
| (D) | Secularisation | (IV) | Public holidays for festivals of all religions. |
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 2
The correct answer is Option (2) → (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
(A) Sanskritisation — this matches (II) Dalit groups adopting the practice of dowry. Sanskritisation is the process by which a ‘low’ caste takes over the customs, rituals and style of life of a high caste. Because it adopts upper caste rites, it leads to practices such as adopting dowry instead of bride-price.
(B) Westernisation — this matches (I) Dalit groups adopting the use of fork and spoons. Westernisation includes the general spread of Western cultural traits such as new technology, dress, food and changes in habits. It is often only the imitation of external forms of culture, like eating with fork and spoon.
(C) Modernisation — this matches (III) Public advertisements for jobs stating qualification only. In a modern society work is based on choice, not birth; a person is judged by what he or she achieves, not by caste or family. A job advertisement that asks only for qualifications applies this rule.
(D) Secularisation — this matches (IV) Public holidays for festivals of all religions. In the Indian sense, a secular state favours no religion over others and shows equal respect for all religions; the secular Indian state declares public holidays to mark the festivals of all religions.
NCERT (2025-26): “2.3 Different Kinds of Social Change … The term sanskritisation was coined by M.N. Srinivas. It may be briefly defined as the process by which a ‘low’ caste or tribe or other group takes over the customs, ritual, beliefs, ideology and style of life of a high and, in particular, a ‘twice-born (dwija) caste’.…” “Fourth, since sanskritisation results in the adoption of upper caste rites and rituals it leads to practices of secluding girls and women, adopting dowry practices instead of bride-price and practising caste discrimination against other groups, etc.…” “…There were, therefore, small sections of people who adopted western life styles or were affected by western ways of thinking. Apart from this there has been also the general spread of Western cultural traits, such as the use of new technology, dress, food, and changes in the habits and styles of people in general. Across the country a very wide section of middle class homes have a television set, a fridge, some kind of sofa set, a dining table and chair in the living room. Westernisation does involve the imitation of external forms of culture. It does not necessarily mean that people adopt modern values of democracy and equality.” “In other words it means that people are influenced not just by local but universal contexts. How you behave, what you think is no longer decided by your family or tribe or caste or community. What job you wish to do is decided not by the job your parent does, but by what you wish to do. Work gets based on choice, not birth. On whom you are depend on what you achieve, not by who you are. A scientific attitude gains ground.” “Secularism … The Indian meanings of secular and secularism include the western sense but also involve others. The most common use of secular in everyday language is as the opposite of communal. So, a secular person or state is one that does not favour any particular religion over others. Secularism in this sense is the opposite of religious chauvinism and it need not necessarily imply hostility to religion as such. In terms of the state-religion relationship, this sense of secularism implies equal respect for all religions, rather than separation or distancing. For example, the secular Indian state declares public holidays to mark the festivals of all religions.…” |