Which among the following is not a factor that discourage women to migrate from rural to urban areas?

Low cost of living

The correct answer is Option (3) → Low cost of living

Among the given options, "Low cost of living" is not a factor that discourages women from migrating from rural to urban areas.

In fact, a lower cost of living can be an attractive factor for individuals, including women, considering migration to urban areas. Shortage of housing, high cost of living, paucity of job opportunities and lack of security in cities, discourage women to migrate from rural to urban areas.