Which of the following is used in the commercial production of human insulin?

E.coli

The commercial production of human insulin is primarily achieved using E. coli bacteria through recombinant DNA technology.

In 1983, Eli Lilly an American company prepared two DNA sequences corresponding to A and B, chains of human insulin and introduced them in plasmids of E. coli to produce insulin chains. Chains A and B were produced separately, extracted and combined by creating disulfide bonds to form human insulin.

E. coli bacteria have been genetically modified to produce human insulin. The human insulin gene is inserted into the bacterial genome, allowing these bacteria to produce the insulin protein. This recombinant DNA technology enables the large-scale production of insulin, which is then harvested and purified for use in treating diabetes.

The other organisms mentioned, Trichoderma polysporum, penicillium notatum, and Rhizobium, are not typically involved in the commercial production of human insulin.