The panchayat was headed by a headman known as__________ in medieval times:

both 1 and 2

There were three constituents of this community - the cultivators, the panchayat, and the village headman (muqaddam or mandal). The panchayat was headed by a headman known as muqaddam or mandal. Some sources suggest that the headman was chosen through the consensus of the village elders and that this choice had to be ratified by the zamindar.