According to sociologist Tiplut Nongbri, social change has introduced…

The correct answer is Option (1) → Identifying which part is traditional and which is not

Option (1) Identifying which part is traditional and which is not — Correct. In Nongbri's view, social change has brought sharp distortions into tribal political institutions. Because of this, it becomes difficult to tell which part of the system is traditional and which is not.

Option (2) Bringing the tribal areas under the 73rd Amendment — Incorrect. A large chunk of tribal areas lies outside the 73rd Amendment, perhaps because policymakers did not wish to interfere with traditional institutions. Nongbri does not tie the distortions to bringing these areas under it.

Option (3) Electing clan headmen to preside over the Durbar Kur — Incorrect. In the Khasi system, the Durbar Kur of each clan was presided over by the clan headman. This is how the traditional Khasi system was run. The difficulty Nongbri links to the distortions lies in telling the traditional apart from the new.

Option (4) Keeping the strong egalitarian ethos of tribal societies — Incorrect. Nongbri notes a strong egalitarian ethos in tribal societies, with some stratification still present. The ethos describes these societies; the difficulty she links to the distortions is telling the traditional apart from the new.