Why are women, in general, and urban women, in particular, not working?

As in urban areas men are able to earn higher incomes thus families discourage females to take up jobs

Compared to females, more males are found to be working. The difference in participation rates is very large in urban areas: for every 100 urban females, only about 14-15 are engaged in some economic activities. In rural areas, for every 100 rural women about 18-20 participate in the employment market. It is common to find that where men are able to earn high incomes, families discourage female members from taking up jobs.