Which of the following are techniques for measurement of actual performance?
(A) Personal observation
(B) Sample checking
(C) Performance reports
(D) Management by exception
(E) Critical point control
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 4
The correct answer is Option (4) → (A), (B) and (C) only
(A) Personal observation — Correct. The manager watches the work himself while it is being done.
(B) Sample checking — Correct. In a large organisation every piece cannot be checked, so certain pieces are checked at random for quality.
(C) Performance reports — Correct. A superior may prepare a report on how an employee has performed.
(D) Management by exception — Incorrect. It is a principle used while analysing deviations. Only significant deviations that go beyond the permissible limit are brought to the notice of management.
(E) Critical point control — Incorrect. It is also used while analysing deviations. Control focuses on the key result areas that are critical to the success of the organisation. It tells the manager where to look.
NCERT (2026-27 Edition): “Controlling Process … Step 2: Measurement of Actual Performance: Once performance standards are set, the next step is measurement of actual performance. Performance should be measured in an objective and reliable manner. There are several techniques for measurement of performance. These include personal observation, sample checking, performance reports, etc. As far as possible, performance should be measured in the same units in which standards are set as this would make their comparison easier. …” |