Which of the following is a principle of Shallow Ecology?

The correct answer is Option (3) → Protect environment for human needs

Shallow ecology, in Arne Naess’s distinction, is anthropocentric: nature is valued instrumentally, so pollution and resource depletion are fought mainly because they threaten the health and affluence of people in the developed world.

Wilderness preservation, the intrinsic richness and diversity of life and simple living with modest means are all planks of deep ecology, which grants value to non-human life independent of its usefulness to humans.