In which of the following ideologies is religious identity regarded as the primary basis of political identity, overriding all other identities?

Communalism

The correct answer is Option 2: Communalism.

Option 1: Communism — Incorrect. Communism is an economic and political ideology centred on class relations and collective ownership. It is not based on religion and does not regard religious identity as the primary basis of political identity.

Option 2: Communalism — Correct. A defining feature of communalism is the belief that religious identity overrides all other identities and forms the basis of political identity.

Option 3: Secularism — Incorrect. Secularism concerns the relationship between the state and religion. It does not treat religion as the overriding basis of political identity; instead, it seeks to ensure fair treatment of different religious communities.

Option 4: State-nation — Incorrect. A state-nation seeks to accommodate multiple cultural, linguistic, ethnic and religious identities within a single political framework. It encourages complementary identities rather than making religion the sole basis of political identity.