Answer the question on the basis of passage given below:

In the periodic table, the d-block contains the elements of group 3 to 12. The d-orbitals are progressively filled in each of the four long periods. The elements of d-block referred as transition metals have partially filled d-orbitals and exhibit certain characteristic properties such as variety of oxidation states, formation of coloured ions, act as catalyst and slow paramagnetic behavior.

The two inner transition metals series 4f and 5f are known as Lanthanoids and Actinoids respectively. The lanthanoids resemble one another more closely as compared to ordinary transition in any series.

Highest oxidation state of manganese in fluoride is \(+4\) \((MnF_4)\) but highest oxidation stat of oxides is \(+7\) \((Mn_2O_7)\) because

Fluorine can form single bond only forms double bond, in covalent compounds

The correct answer is: (4) Fluorine can form single bond only, in covalent compounds, oxygen forms double bonds in covalent compounds.

Fluorine is more electronegative than oxygen, but this does not explain why the highest oxidation state of manganese in fluoride is lower than in oxide. The reason is that fluorine can only form single bonds, while oxygen can form double bonds.

In \(MnF_4\), each manganese atom is bonded to four fluorine atoms by single bonds. In \(Mn_2O_7\), each manganese atom is bonded to four oxygen atoms by double bonds. The double bonds between manganese and oxygen are stronger than the single bonds between manganese and fluorine. This is because double bonds are more stable than single bonds.

The stronger bonds in \(Mn_2O_7\) allow manganese to reach a higher oxidation state.

The other options are incorrect:

(1) is incorrect because fluorine being more electronegative than oxygen does not explain why the highest oxidation state of manganese in fluoride is lower than in oxide.

(2) is incorrect because the presence or absence of d-orbitals in fluorine does not affect the oxidation state of manganese.

(3) is incorrect because fluorine does not stabilize lower oxidation states of manganese.