_______ was a critic of modern capitalism.

The correct answer is Option 3: Marx.

Option 1: Durkheim. – Incorrect. Durkheim studied the division of labour and social solidarity. He analysed modern industrial society but was not primarily a critic of capitalism.

Option 2: Weber. – Incorrect. Weber examined the relationship between capitalism, religion, and rationalisation. He analysed capitalism rather than fundamentally criticising it.

Option 3: Marx. – Correct. Karl Marx was a major critic of modern capitalism. He argued that capitalism is based on the exploitation of labour, where capitalists earn profits by extracting surplus value from workers.

Option 4: Comte. – Incorrect. Auguste Comte is regarded as the founder of sociology and focused on the scientific study of society, not on criticising capitalism.