Some lines are left out of the passage. They name a term often found…

However, the focus on the cultivation of basic staples did not mean that agriculture in medieval India was only for subsistence. The Mughal state also encouraged peasants to cultivate such crops as they brought in more revenue. Cotton was grown over a great swathe of territory spread over central India and the Deccan plateau, whereas Bengal was famous for its sugar. Such cash crops would also include various sorts of oilseeds (for example, mustard) and lentils.

Some lines are left out of the passage. They name a term often found in the sources for crops such as these. Which term is it?

Answer & explanation

Correct answer: option 2

The correct answer is Option (2) → jins-i kamil

Option (1) jama — Incorrect. Jama is the amount of land revenue assessed. It is a revenue term, used for money owed to the state.

Option (2) jins-i kamil — Correct. Jins-i kamil, literally perfect crops, were crops grown for sale that brought the state more revenue. Cotton and sugarcane were jins-i kamil par excellence.

Option (3) hasil — Incorrect. Hasil is the amount of revenue actually collected. It too is a revenue term.

Option (4) do-fasla — Incorrect. Do-fasla is land giving a minimum of two crops a year. It counts harvests and has no bearing on the kind of crop.

NCERT (2026-27): “1.4 An abundance of crops …
However, the focus on the cultivation of basic staples did not mean that agriculture in medieval India was only for subsistence. We often come across the term jins-i kamil (literally, perfect crops) in our sources. The Mughal state also encouraged peasants to cultivate such crops as they brought in more revenue. Crops such as cotton and sugarcane were jins-i kamil par excellence. Cotton was grown over a great swathe of territory spread over central India and the Deccan plateau, whereas Bengal was famous for its sugar. Such cash crops would also include various sorts of oilseeds (for example, mustard) and lentils. This shows how subsistence and commercial production were closely intertwined in an average peasant’s holding.”