What does the phrase "by law" indicate in Article 2 and Article 3 of the Indian Constitution?

The amendments can be made through a simple law of the Parliament

The correct answer is Option 2 - The amendments can be made through a simple law of the Parliament

The phrase "by law" indicates that amendments to these articles can be made by Parliament through a simple majority, without the need for a special constitutional amendment procedure.

There are many articles in the Constitution, which mention that these articles can be amended by a simple law of the Parliament. No special procedure for amendment is required in such cases and there is no difference at all between an amendment and an ordinary law. These parts of the Constitution are very flexible. Read carefully the following text of some articles of the Constitution. In both these articles, the wording ‘by law’ indicates that these articles can be modified by the Parliament without recourse to the procedure laid down in Article 368. Many other articles of the Constitution can be modified by the Parliament in this simple manner.

Article 2: Parliament may by law admit into the union …..new states….

Article 3: Parliament may by law… b) increase the area of any state….