Production of seeds without fertilization is known as:

Apomixis

The correct answer is Option (2) → Apomixis

Apomixis is a form of asexual reproduction in plants where seeds are formed without the fusion of gametes (fertilization). It allows the plant to produce seeds that are genetically identical to the parent plant. Although seeds, in general are the products of fertilisation, a few flowering plants such as some species of Asteraceae and grasses, have evolved a special mechanism, to produce seeds without fertilisation, called apomixis. Thus, apomixis is a form of asexual reproduction that mimics sexual reproduction.

The other terms have different meanings:

• Parthenogenesis: Refers to the development of an organism from an unfertilized egg, commonly seen in some animals, but not directly related to seed formation in plants.

• Polyembryony : This refers to the development of multiple embryos from a single fertilized egg. Example: Citrus.

   Syngamy: This is the fusion of male and female gametes during sexual reproduction, leading to the formation of a zygote.

So, the correct answer is: Apomixis.