Match List-I with List-II. List-IList-II A. Natural selectionI. Diver…

The correct answer is Option (3) → A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I

List-I has two ideas about the cause of evolution and two kinds of structures; List-II has the two scientists and the two kinds of evolution behind them.

(A) Natural selection — this matches (III) Charles Darwin. Darwin said that those better fit in an environment leave more progeny and are selected by nature, and he called this natural selection.

(B) Inheritance of acquired characters — this matches (IV) Lamarck. Lamarck said that giraffes which stretched to forage leaves on tall trees passed this acquired character of a long neck to their young.

(C) Analogous structures — this matches (II) Convergent evolution. Different structures, such as the wings of a butterfly and of a bird, evolve for the same function and so look alike.

(D) Homologous structures — this matches (I) Divergent evolution. The same structure, such as the forelimb of mammals, developed along different directions for different needs.

NCERT Extract:
Evolution of Life Forms – A Theory – “… Hence, those who are better fit in an environment, leave more progeny than others. These, therefore, will survive more and hence are selected by nature. He called it natural selection and implied it as a mechanism of evolution.”
What are the Evidences for Evolution? – “… Hence, in these animals, the same structure developed along different directions due to adaptations to different needs. This is divergent evolution and these structures are homologous. … Hence, analogous structures are a result of convergent evolution - different structures evolving for the same function and hence having similarity.”
Biological Evolution – “… As they passed on this acquired character of elongated neck to succeeding generations, Giraffes, slowly, over the years, came to acquire long necks.”