According to M.N. Srinivas, westernisation refers to the changes in I…

The correct answer is Option (1) → Over 150 years of British rule

Option (1) Over 150 years of British rule — Correct. Srinivas defines westernisation as the changes in Indian society and culture that came from over 150 years of British rule. These changes touched technology, institutions, ideology and values.

Option (2) Contact with a pilgrim centre or monastery of the Great Tradition — Incorrect. Taking up customs linked with a centre of the Great Tradition is a route of sanskritisation. In that process a group copies the names and customs of culturally high-placed groups, so it has nothing to do with British rule.

Option (3) The growth of the anti-Brahminical movement — Incorrect. The anti-Brahminical movement of the twentieth century led to an attempt to drop Sanskrit words and phrases from several Indian languages. It was a reaction against Brahminical dominance and does not define westernisation.

Option (4) The rise of the Backward Classes Movement — Incorrect. The Backward Classes Movement stressed secular factors in the upward mobility of caste groups. It concerns caste mobility, so it does not describe the changes produced by colonial rule.