Match List I with List II
| LIST I Period | LIST II Description | ||
| A. | Reform movement | I. | Hippocrates, Socrates and Plato |
| B. | The Renaissance Period | II. | Increased humanism and curiosity about behaviour. |
| C. | Organismic approach | III. | Demonology and superstition |
| D. | Middle ages | IV. | Age of reason and enlightenment |
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 4
The correct answer is Option (4) → A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III
(A) Reform movement — this matches (IV) Age of reason and enlightenment. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the Age of Reason and Enlightenment, the scientific method replaced faith and dogma; the growth of a scientific attitude contributed to the Reform Movement, the reform of asylums and more compassion for people with these disorders.
(B) The Renaissance Period — this matches (II) Increased humanism and curiosity about behaviour. Johann Weyer, in this period, insisted that ‘witches’ were mentally disturbed and needed medical, not theological, treatment.
(C) Organismic approach — this matches (I) Hippocrates, Socrates and Plato. These philosopher-physicians of ancient Greece developed the organismic approach and viewed disturbed behaviour as arising out of conflicts between emotion and reason.
(D) Middle ages — this matches (III) Demonology and superstition. In the Middle Ages, demonology and superstition gained renewed importance; people with mental problems were believed to be evil, and there were ‘witch-hunts’.
NCERT (2025-26): “Historical Background … In the ancient Western world, it was philosopher-physicians of ancient Greece such as Hippocrates, Socrates, and in particular Plato who developed the organismic approach and viewed disturbed behaviour as arising out of conflicts between emotion and reason. Galen elaborated on the role of the four humours in personal character and temperament. According to him, the material world was made up of four elements, viz. earth, air, fire, and water which combined to form four essential body fluids, viz. blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm. Each of these fluids was seen to be responsible for a different temperament. Imbalances among the humours were believed to cause various disorders. This is similar to the Indian notion of the three doshas of vata, pitta and kapha which were mentioned in the Atharva Veda and Ayurvedic texts. You have already read about it in Chapter 2. In the Middle Ages, demonology and superstition gained renewed importance in the explanation of abnormal behaviour. Demonology related to a belief that people with mental problems were evil and there are numerous instances of ‘witch-hunts’ during this period. During the early Middle Ages, the Christian spirit of charity prevailed and St. Augustine wrote extensively about feelings, mental anguish and conflict. This laid the groundwork for modern psychodynamic theories of abnormal behaviour. The Renaissance Period was marked by increased humanism and curiosity about behaviour. Johann Weyer emphasised psychological conflict and disturbed interpersonal relationships as causes of psychological disorders. He also insisted that ‘witches’ were mentally disturbed and required medical, not theological, treatment. The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were known as the Age of Reason and Enlightenment, as the scientific method replaced faith and dogma as ways of understanding abnormal behaviour. The growth of a scientific attitude towards psychological disorders in the eighteenth century contributed to the Reform Movement and to increased compassion for people who suffered from these disorders. Reforms of asylums were initiated in both Europe and America. One aspect of the reform movement was the new inclination for deinstitutionalisation which placed emphasis on providing community care for recovered mentally ill individuals.…” |