Which of the following rituals were performed by chiefs and kings in ancient times?

Rajasuya

In ancient times, numerous traditions of thought and religious practices thrived, including the early Vedic tradition, as evident from the Rigveda, compiled between approximately 1500 and 1000 BCE. The Rigveda comprised hymns dedicated to various deities, most notably Agni, Indra, and Soma. These hymns were recited during sacrificial ceremonies, where people sought blessings for prosperity, abundant cattle, offspring, good health, and longevity.

Initially, these sacrifices were conducted collectively, involving the participation of the entire community. However, as time progressed (around 1000 BCE to 500 BCE), some rituals shifted to being performed by the heads of households, with the primary intention of ensuring the well-being of their families. More elaborate and grandiose sacrifices, such as the rajasuya and ashvamedha, were reserved for chiefs and kings, and these rituals relied on the expertise of Brahmana priests who carried out the intricate ceremonies.

Throughout this period, these Vedic rituals and practices played a significant role in shaping the cultural and religious landscape of ancient India, contributing to the development of a complex and diverse belief system that influenced various aspects of society.