In Indian history who were referred to as the 'atavika rajya'?

Forest kingdom

The correct answer is Option (3) → Forest kingdom

The term "Atavika Rajya" refers to Forest Kingdoms in Indian history.

These kingdoms were ruled by tribal communities residing in forested areas. They are particularly associated with the Gupta Dynasty (3rd century CE to 6th century CE).

Historical records, such as the inscriptions of Samudragupta, a Gupta emperor, mention subjugating the kings of these Atavika Rajya in central India. This implies that the Gupta Empire brought these forest kingdoms under their control, possibly making them tributaries.