Which principle was introduced by the Supreme Court of India in the famous "Bhopal Gas Leak" case ?

Absolute liability

The correct answer is Option (3) → Absolute liability

In India, a related principle of Absolute Liability was introduced by the Supreme Court in the aftermath of the two instances of gas leaks from factories injuring many.

The first case was about the infamous Bhopal gas leak disaster of 1984 where a factory of the Union Carbide Corporation located in Bhopal had a major leakage of the gas mythyl isocynate that killed 2260 and injured around 600,000 people. In the second incident of 1985 in Delhi, a factory of the Shri Ram Foods and Fertilizer Industries leaked oleum gas that killed one person that had few others hospitalized and created huge panic among the residents. The then Chief Justice of India P.N Bhagwati, in the famous 1987 case of M.C. Mehta v. Shri Ram Foods and Fertilizer Industries, held: "We are of the view that an enterprise, which is engaged in a hazardous or inherently dangerous industry, which poses a potential threat to the health and safety of the persons working in the factory and residing in the surrounding areas owes an absolute and non-delegable duty to the community to ensure that no harm results to any one on account of hazardous or inherently dangerous activity in which it is engaged must be conducted with the highest standards of safety and if any harm is done on account of such activity, the enterprise must be absolutely liable to compensate for such harm and it should be no answer to the enterprise to say that it had taken all reasonable care and that the harm occurred without any negligence on its part."