Take the statements below to be true, even if they differ from known facts. Which of the conclusions follow logically from them?
Statements:
1. All rings are ornaments.
2. All chains are ornaments.
Conclusions:
I. All ornaments are rings.
II. Some chains are rings.
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 4
The correct answer is Option (4) → Neither conclusion I nor conclusion II follows
A conclusion follows only if it is true in every diagram that fits the statements; each class named in a statement is taken to have members.
“All rings are ornaments”: the circle of rings lies inside the circle of ornaments
“All chains are ornaments”: the circle of chains also lies inside the circle of ornaments; nothing is said about rings and chains
Conclusion I: All ornaments are rings. — Does not follow. “All rings are ornaments” cannot be turned round; in the diagram the chains are ornaments that are not rings.
Conclusion II: Some chains are rings. — Does not follow. Rings and chains both lie inside the ornaments, but they may be different parts of the ornaments, as in the diagram.