Protests by poor labourers and artisans in nineteenth-century England…

The correct answer is Option (1) → A major threat to the established order of society

Option (1) A major threat to the established order of society — Correct. Elites saw the protests of poor labourers and artisans as a major threat to the established order of society. Their worry about keeping social order is reflected in the work of Emile Durkheim.

Option (2) A gradual, incremental step towards reform — Incorrect. Change through gradual, incremental steps is the aim of a reformist social movement. Elites did not see the protests in this hopeful way; they feared them as a danger to social order.

Option (3) An effort to change the personal consciousness of members — Incorrect. Changing the personal consciousness of members is the aim of a redemptive social movement. It names a type of movement and gives no account of how elites viewed these protests.

Option (4) A violent movement to overthrow the monarchy — Incorrect. Overthrowing the monarchy was the aim of the movements that ended in the French Revolution. The protests in England were against the inhuman living conditions in the cities.