Which criticism of sanskritisation holds that it appears to suggest t…

The correct answer is Option (1) → It seems to justify a model resting on inequality and exclusion

Option (1) It seems to justify a model resting on inequality and exclusion — Correct. This is the third criticism: Sanskritisation seems to justify a model that rests on inequality and exclusion. By copying upper caste purity rules, it makes belief in pollution and purity of groups of people look all right.

Option (2) It exaggerates the scope of 'lower castes' to move up the social ladder — Incorrect. This is the first criticism. Sanskritisation brings only positional change for some individuals, so inequality goes on. Its point is overstated social mobility.

Option (3) It erodes the key characteristics of dalit culture and society — Incorrect. This is the fifth criticism. Copying upper caste ways erodes dalit culture, and the worth of lower caste labour is degraded. Its point is the loss of dalit culture.

Option (4) It leads to the seclusion of girls and women and dowry practices — Incorrect. This is the fourth criticism. Adopting upper caste rites leads to secluding girls and women and to dowry in place of bride-price. It is about effects on women and marriage practices.