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Aniline on nitration yield 47% m-nitroaniline also. This is due to |
+M or +R effect of –NH2 group attached with benzene. –M or –R effect of –NH2 group attached with benzene. Formation of anilinium ion by protonation of aniline. Very strong reducing nature of HNO3 acid |
Formation of anilinium ion by protonation of aniline. |
In strongly acidic medium, aniline is protonated to form the anilinium ion which is meta directing. That is why besides the ortho and para derivatives, significant amount of meta derivative is also formed.
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